Garrett Turbo

Gen Wright asked:


One way to achieve speed and amazing performance is through the turbocharger. You need not only know the basic concept and technology behind it ? you also have to make a choice between a single turbo and a twin turbo, that is, if you want a taste of power.

A turbocharger is practically a turbine that is fuel-driven. Its basically compresses the air that comes into it in order to increase the power and the torque in the engine. Compressing air and increasing density heed more atoms of air and more atoms of fuel into the engine. All those things equate to more power, more speed. Increasing the air density means harvesting more oxygen for the burn. The energy that results will drive the piston that will bring forth the compressed air.

There are cars that have a twin turbo engine. Twin setup refers to an engine that runs two turbochargers to handle the compression. Let us discuss some of the differences between the two.

Twin Turbo, produce power faster using 4 cylinders each turbocharger for the spooling. There is less lag in this setup. Boosts are achieved at lower RPMs. Ideal for everyday driving on the streets. A twin turbo setup costs more than a single turbo coversion. Twin turbochargers are best for V-type of engines. Smoother operation of the engine. Two smaller turbochargers are cheaper than a large one.

Single Turbo, a single turbo requires all 8 cylinders in order to build some boost, produces good results for drag racing, which needs extremely high power, single turbo engines are easier to set up. There are super large single setups that can support up to 1500BHP, can create real power but there is that unwanted lag. Some problems may occur in the setup but they are easier to fix and less expensive too. Doesn’t take up much space in the car. Better cooling, Higher boost can be achieved, There is considerable lagging and easier to plumb since there is no need for cross-plumbing of the exhaust

Recommendations; Below 900bhp requirements can be handled pretty well by a single turbocharger but if you want to reduce the lag, two smaller turbochargers are the way to go. For an engine with a V-type layout, go for the twin turbo setup. For an engine with an Inline layout, go for the single turbocharger.

There are some cars that came out of the factory with twin turbo systems that are being converted to single turbochargers. There are some who want to change their single petrol turbo with the twins. This really depends on what car and engine are concerned, as well as the preferences of the owner.

Rain Stockton asked:


For the first time, BMW, maker of quality BMW 540i parts, has combined its twin-turbocharged, six-cylinder diesel with the brand’s flagship Grand Tourer in the form of the new 635d.

The 635d Coupé and Convertible will hit showrooms in October in the UK with world’s most powerful production diesel under the bonnet. The revamp includes the 6 Series model line-up to include Active Headrests, Brake Energy Regeneration and other fuel saving and emissions-cutting technology.

A zero to 62mph time of 6.3 seconds is achieved by the BMW 635d Coupé, while the Convertible achieves this in 6.6 seconds. The new 635d has also been given a fine restyling to mark the technological changes: a revised headlight arrangement featuring LED technology and clear lenses, a new style of front valance and repositioned vertical struts on the front spoiler. It’s an output of 286hp and 580Nm of torque and is powered by a twin-turbocharged 2,993cc engine with an all aluminum crankcase and third generation common rail fuel injection system. The unique way the twin turbochargers work makes these performance figures possible. A smaller turbocharger yields near immediate response for swift initial acceleration before a larger turbocharger comes in mid-range to provide additional thrust through to the red line. Form just 1,750 rpm peak torque’s available to deliver a seamless wave of smooth acceleration.

The introduction of Efficient Dynamics, which is a technology with Brake Energy Regeneration, and the implementation of various needs-only operations of ancillary units for the first time in the 6 Series range make the performance possible.

The top of the range 650i models are has a 4,799cc V8 engine giving an output of 367hp. The models with their aluminum engine and double-VANOS and VALVETRONIC variable valve technology can do a zero to 62mph time of 5.1 seconds in the Coupé and 5.5 seconds in the Convertible.

Both 650i models are EfficientDynamics technology assisted in achieving improved economy and emissions figures.

The 630i and 650i has standard six-speed manual gearbox, while the 635d is a new six-speed sports automatic transmission. A new torque converter with enhanced software and a two-stage damper to eliminate vibrations are featured in this gearbox.

The new models also have a kidney grille that is larger compared to the outgoing model and lower reflectors that have been optically refined at the rear of a redesigned bumper. A third high level brake light now sits on the boot lid lip for enhanced safety. Another exterior change is the new alloy wheel design in 17-, 18- and 19-inch sizes.

SunReflective Technology leather is also offered among 6 Series Convertible models, which also have an infotainment system that includes eight favorite buttons.

As regards safety, BMW, for the first time, Active Headrests appear on the 6 Series. As standard equipment on cars, the system is introduced to prevent occupants from whiplash injuries in rear end accidents. Pyrotechnics fire to release two springs in the head rests when the airbags’ central control unit registers a rear end collision.



Horace

cardekho asked:


Skoda Auto India Private Limited rolled out Laura in 2005. The launch of this luxury sedan is a part of the Czech-based automaker’s strategy to make its presence stronger in the luxury D-plus car segment of India. With a futuristic engine technology, well-finished exteriors and classy interiors, Skoda Laura proves to be real value for money. The car is specially designed to suit the Indian roads. It performs remarkably well and astounds you with its arresting looks.

The 2009 Skoda Laura is available in three variants: Skoda Laura Laurin and Klement, Skoda Laura Elegance, and Skoda Laura Ambiente. These variants are available with a choice of three revolutionary engines: 1.8-litre TSI (Turbocharged Fuel Stratified Direct Injection), 1.9-litre TDI PD (Turbocharged Direct Injection with Pump Duse), and 2.0-litre TDI PD that generate 160 bhp, 105 bhp, and 140 bhp respectively.

The TSI engine is a combination of turbocharger, stratified direct fuel injection system, and variable valve timing. The combination of these three advanced technologies ensures higher performance and better mileage. The turbocharger in the system helps improve engine efficiency and reduce fuel consumption by supporting complete combustion of injected fuel. The fuel stratified direct injection engine technology uses stratified charging to directly inject fuel in relatively small and precise quantity to ensure optimised combustion. Variable valve timing technology helps improve engine efficiency by monitoring the opening and closing of valves in accordance with varying speed.

The 1.8-litre TSI is available in the Ambiente with a 6-speed fully synchronized manual transmission and the 2.0-litre TDI PD is available in the Laurin and Klement with a 6-speed automatic transmission. The 1.9-litre TDI PD is available in both Elegance and Ambiente with an option of 5-speed fully synchronized manual transmission and 6-speed automatic transmission.

The finely-tuned suspension system is specially designed for Indian road conditions with MacPherson strut in the front and multi-element axle at the rear. Moreover, the rack and pinion steering with electro-mechanic power steering and disc brakes add to the performance and efficiency of the car. The 2009 Skoda Laura is a blend of contemporary styling and dynamic contours. The elegant silhouette, sloping roofline, strong shoulder line, and lower sills impart a sporty and elegant appeal. The exterior of the car is beautified with chrome front grille, flared headlamps, new taillamps with a chrome central insert, and turn indicators in the external mirror.



Lane

autoterminal.com asked:


New Zealand is a country of spectacular landscapes and the Kiwis love cars.

As a matter of fact, there are heaps of sellers and dealerships across the northern and southern territories.

One of the things, however, that pose a threat to buying used cars is the risk of buying stolen ones.

This is not a dead end; and one sure fire way of fighting fraud is through stolen vehicle checks.

While doing a check means time and money, it is much needed especially now during hard times.

One way is to do the checks through an agency and another is through the dealerships. IBC Japan, AutoTerminal.com and Motohound – are the best examples of used vehicle sources that do thorough stolen vehicle checks and back their vehicles 100%.

If you wish to do some checks yourself, here are some smart tips that you can follow:

DOs

• Be suspicious if the price on the vehicle is too cheap. Criminals typically make the sale exceptionally attractive to seal the deal fast.

• Buy from reputable sources/dealers. Ask around or do a background check on any dealer you’re interested to buy from. All motor vehicle traders are required to be registered under the Motor Vehicle Sales Act (MVSA).

• Go to the dealer or seller’s site where the vehicle is rather than have the vehicle delivered to your door.

• Get hold of the engine and chassis numbers and check for any alteration. Any alteration or imperfection may be an indication of an attempt to conceal vehicle’s true identity. Check if those numbers match those on the registration papers, keeping in mind that those numbers may not belong to the vehicle. A criminal wants you to make the match and be happy. Check the certificate of registration for any sign of alteration as well.

• Always get the official receipt! Inspect whether the receipt accurately shows the name, address, date and description of vehicle. Include the VIN (Vehicle Identification Number), chassis number and engine number, sale price and signature of seller.

• Get current records by completing an information request form and paying a small fee at any New Zealand Post Shop when the Certificate of Registration papers are unavailable.

• Make sure that the Road User Charges have been paid up to the odometer/hubometer reading during the time of purchase. You will be liable for arrears. You may contact the RUC helpdesk on 0800 655 644 if you can’t find the current RUC license.

DON’Ts

• Don’t deal with a seller/dealer by the road side. Make sure to visit their office or yard to inspect their business processes.

• Don’t buy from a seller/dealer without the vehicle’s certificate of registration papers.

• Don’t buy without checking if the color matches with Land Transport Safety Authority records. If vehicle has been repainted, check behind door rubbers for the original color. An incorrect vehicle color may indicate a stolen vehicle with a false identity.

• Don’t buy a vehicle from a dealer/seller without the certificate of registration papers.

• Don’t buy without checking whether there is money owing on the vehicle or a security interest registered over it.

Buying a stolen vehicle or stolen vehicle parts in New Zealand is considered a serious crime and even if you purchase a stolen vehicle or part unknowingly, the rightful owner may take it back from you.

Are you likely to be at risk? Will your vehicle be the next target?

Here’s the top ten stolen vehicle list as reported by stuff.co.nz

1. Nissan Silvia

2. Subaru Impreza WRX

3. BMW 325 coupe

4. Nissan 200SX

5. Mazda Lantis

6. Subaru Legacy turbo

7. Subaru Impreza non-turbo

8. Nissan Skyline

9. Subaru Legacy non-turbo

10. Honda Prelude

by: Amalia Aviles

AutoTerminal.com



Douglas

Vikram kuamr asked:


Do you love your favorite car? Do you want to make it more attractive and safer? Do you want to have best parts for your car? If any of your answer is yes and you are looking for a company that can satisfy all your favorite car’s need, then vividracing is the company you must opt for.

Vividracing is known for providing all sorts of car parts as well as accessories like turbocharger, turbo kits, short shifters, Big Brake kits etc. The best part in vividracing is that it sells only the quality products from branded companies. Thus if you want best quality turbocharger then there are various brands available with vividracing that is known for providing best quality turbocharger. For example, at vividracing you can have turbocharger as well as other important parts from Agency Power, HKS, Greddy, Perrin, Forced Performance and Power Enterprise etc.

Similarly if you are looking for safe and high quality short shifters that too from various branded companies, then too you won’t find any disappointment at vividracing. It is so because you can have best quality short shifters from various branded companies like ACT, Agency Power, Perrin, DC Sports, Stillen, B&M, Comptech and Neuspeed etc. So you can have best products from best brands only at vividracing. What else you need?

If you still want to know more about vividracing, then it advisable to have a look on some of the most important features of vividracing. Some of the most features of vividracing are as under:



Offers best quality products: The most important feature of vividracing is that it offers best quality products to its customers. It is in the policy of the company to only sell those products that are best in terms of quality. Because of this reason only you can have all the branded company’s car parts at vividracing. So either you want to buy Big Brake Kits or the short shifters, it is sure that you would get these from the best brand only.





Best prices: Another important feature of vividracing is that it offers best prices on all the products to its customers. It is the guarantee of the company that the customer would get the best price on any product on the market.





Money back guarantee: The third most important feature of vividracing is that it offers 30 days money back guarantee to its customers. Unlike other companies, where the main concern is just to sell the product and to extract money from the customer, such policy is not at all prevalent at vividracing. In case you have any doubt in the product you have purchased from this company, then you can avail the advantage of 30 Days money back guarantee scheme of the company.





Goodwill: There are quite less companies available in the markets that are considered rich in terms of factor of goodwill. However in case of vividracing, it is worth to note that this company is quite high in terms of factor of goodwill. It is in the strict policy of the company to give priority to the factor of goodwill. Unlike other companies where maximization of profit is given priority, this company believes in increasing the value of its goodwill.

dennis james asked:


Obtaining the most out of your engine has been the goal for many people over the years. There are several types of engines: normal aspirated engines and engines that make use of turbo and compressors to obtain more power from the same cylindrical capacity.

Modern car engines are more efficient and powerful than the engines produced twenty years ago, but there is still place for improvement. For example, if you have a normal aspirated car, you can add a turbo-compressor to increase the amount of horse power the engine develops. But before you rush out to the first car parts and buy a turbo charger for your car, there are things to consider.

The most important thing you must take into consideration when thinking of adding a turbo to your car is to think is the engine’s parts will be able to sustain the extra power from the turbo.

Adding a turbo requires quite a few engine modifications, and the outcome will be more power from your initial power, but will also bring higher temperatures inside the engine and the very high revs the turbine will function.

The German BMW’s are already known for their superior handling, reliability and power, but you squeeze a few more horsepower from your BMW engine by adding a turbo charger.

Compared to other methods of obtaining more power from your engine, superchargers offer less costly and an easier to install kit (these kits make 6-8 lbs of boost and the average home mechanic can safely install a quality application in 6 hours). Superchargers will typically make an impressive horse power increase, but many suppliers do not make a tremendous amount of low RPM torque, so if you only drive your car to work across the city, a turbo will not bring you significant advantages.



There are many components that a turbo charging set contains, as it is made up of thing like the intercooler, the bypass valve, the blow off valve, a waste gate, exhaust manifold, larger injectors and many more.

The typical home mechanic will probably be unable to complete this installation and that is why you should address a large car repair or tuning shop to complete the operation. Even for an experienced mechanic, mounting a turbo kit will take several days of work.

However, due to the significant increase in power a turbo kit brings your car, the wait is worth it. But when considering turboing your BMW, you should also consider improving your car’s brakes, as a 500 horse power BMW will require a lot of braking force to bring it to a stop from the astonishing speeds it can achieve. So the braking system should also be improves when mounting the kit (elements such as larger diameter rotors, multi piston calipers, sport brake pads, stainless steel brake lines and performance brake fluid should be on your shopping list).

You should also pay special attention to the BMW’s drive train when thinking of turboing your BMW. The initial car was developed to handle only a certain amount of power and any increase in this amount of power can affect your car’s stability and ability in taking corners if you not strengthen up essential parts in the BMW’s drive train (such as the clutch).

Also the car’s cooling system should be upgraded as well when turboing your BMW, as power generates heat and the initial radiator had been developed to eliminate just a certain amount of engine heat.

So you may think that adding a turbo kit to your BMW is an easy operations, but the truth is that if you want to have a professional operation done, there are other elements beside the engine itself that have to be modified.



Tyrone

B. Aboul-Nasr asked:


From this autumn, the family of BMW X models will welcome its newest member, the X1 compact crossover SUV, fitting neatly under the larger X3, X5 and X6 brothers. For the United States, the X1 is expected to arrive in calendar year 2011.

Targeted to a younger audience, the new BMW X1 compact proportions should give it the agility and versatility of compact cars (C-segment, lower medium) with the technical substance of a modern premium vehicle made by the largest luxury cars manufacturer in the world.

The X1 body is 4.45 metres (175.2″) long, which is significantly longer than the other 1 Series models (4.24 metre / 166.9” for the 3- and 5- door bodies, or 4.36 metre / 171.7” in the 1 Series coupe and convertible). Quite logically, it remains shorter than the 4.57 metres 1.79.9” of the larger X3 brother.

In wheelbase terms, the X1 enjoys a rather long dimension for the compact segment (2.76 metres /108.7”). It is equal to the 3 Series wheelbase (the X1 is a variation of the 3 Series platform), significantly longer than the wheelbase of the 1 Series models (2.66 metres / 104.7”) and slightly shorter than the 2.79 metres /110” wheelbase of the X3 (More about the main exterior and interior dimensions of the new BMW X1).

On the practical side, the rear seat comes with an adjustable backrest (for angle) and folds down in a 40/20/20 split, extending the luggage compartment capacity from its original 420 litres to a maximum of 1,350 litres. Above the 5 passengers, an electrically operated Panorama glass roof is available as an option.

Depending on the model variant, the X1 proposes gasoline and diesel engines, rear-wheel drive (sDrive versions) or all-wheel-drive technology (xDrive), as well as a range of BMW EfficientDynamics features including Brake Energy Regeneration, Auto Start Stop, and a gearshift point indicator.

Standard features include three-point inertia-reel seat belts all round, frontal and side airbags as well as head airbags at the side, adaptive Brake Lights and daytime driving lights. Options include Xenon headlights, Adaptive Headlights and a High-Beam Assistant.

X1 active safety equipments include high-precision power steering (rack-and-pinion), high-performance brakes, Dynamic Stability Control including Dynamic Traction Control and, as an option, Performance Control acting on the brakes.

In conjunction with the optional Business and Professional navigation systems, the X1 is equipped with the latest generation of BMW iDrive including a Controller and direct selection buttons on the centre console, a Control Display integrated in the instrument panel, and favourite buttons beneath the control panel for the standard air conditioning.

Sophisticated HiFi systems are available as an alternative to the audio system fitted as standard, and the AUX-In port likewise featured as standard may be supplemented by a USB interface. Optional driver assistance systems and a wide range of BMW ConnectedDrive services are also available with the new model.

The X1 will be launched with the following engine and transmission variants:

*** X1 xDrive28i: Straight-six gasoline engine with composite magnesium/aluminium crankcase, VALVETRONIC and dual-VANOS.

Capacity: 2,996 cc, max output: 190 kW/258 hp (255 bhp) at 6,600 rpm. Max torque: 310 Nm/228lb-ft from 2,600 to 3,000 rpm.

Transmission: six-speed automatic. Acceleration 0-100 km/h: 6.8 sec. Top speed: 205 km/h (127 mph). 230 km/h or 143 mph with optional high-speed set-up.

- Urban fuel consumption to the EU standard: 13 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 21.7 mpg imp, 18.1 mpg USA, 7.7 km / litre). Urban fuel autonomy (range) would be estimated at 484 km (301 miles) with the full 63-litre fuel tank.

- Extra urban fuel consumption: 7.3 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 38.7 mpg imp, 32.2 mpg USA, 13.7 km / litre). Extra urban fuel autonomy is 863 km (536 miles).

- Combined fuel consumption: 9.4 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 30.0 mpg imp, 25.0 mpg USA, 10.64 km / litre). Combined fuel autonomy is 670 km (416 miles).

- CO2 emissions to the EU standard: 219 g/km. Emission standard: EU5.

*** X1 xDrive23d: Four-cylinder diesel engine with all-aluminium crankcase, BMW TwinPower Turbo and common rail direct fuel injection.

Capacity: 1,995 cc, max output: 150 kW/204 hp (201 bhp) at 4,400 rpm. Max torque: 400 Nm/295 lb-ft from 2,000 to 2,250 rpm.

Transmission: six-speed automatic. Acceleration 0-100 km/h: 7.3 sec. Top speed: 205 km/h (127 mph). (223 km/h or 138 mph with optional high-speed set-up).

- Urban consumption to the EU standard: 7.8 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 36.2 mpg imp, 30.1 mpg USA, 12.8 km / litre). Urban fuel autonomy (range) is 782 km (485 miles) with the full 61-litre fuel tank.

- Extra urban consumption: 5.5 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 51.3 mpg imp, 42.7 mpg USA, 18.2 km / litre). Extra urban fuel autonomy is 1109 km (689 miles).

- Combined consumption: 6.3 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 44.8 mpg imp, 37.3 mpg USA, 15.8 km / litre). Combined fuel autonomy is 968 km (601 miles).

- CO2 emissions: 167 g/km (EU5).

*** X1 xDrive20d: Four-cylinder diesel engine with all-aluminium crankcase, turbocharger with variable intake geometry and common-rail direct fuel injection.

Capacity: 1,995 cc, max output: 130 kW/177 hp (174 bhp) at 4,000 rpm. Max torque: 350 Nm/258 lb-ft from 1,750 to 3,000 rpm.

Transmission: six-speed manual or optional six-speed automatic. Acceleration 0-100 km/h: 8.4 sec. Top speed: 205 km/h (127 mph). (213 km/h or 132 mph with optional high-speed set-up).

- Urban consumption (six-speed manual): 7.0 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 40.3 mpg imp, 33.6 mpg USA, 14.2 km / litre). Urban fuel autonomy is 871 km (541 miles) with the full 61-litre fuel tank. Urban (optional six-speed automatic): 7.7 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 36.7 mpg imp, 30.5 mpg USA, 12.9 km / litre). Fuel autonomy is 792 km (492 miles) with the full 61-litre fuel tank.

- Extra urban consumption (six-speed manual): 5.1 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 55.3 mpg imp, 46.1 mpg USA, 19.6 km / litre). Extra urban fuel autonomy is 1196 km (743 miles). Extra urban (optional six-speed automatic): 5.4 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 52.3 mpg imp, 43.5 mpg USA, 18.5 km / litre). Fuel autonomy is 983 km (611 miles).

- Combined consumption (six-speed manual): 5.8 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 48.6 mpg imp, 40.5 mpg USA, 17.2 km / litre). Combined fuel autonomy is 1051 km (653 miles). Combined (optional six-speed automatic): 6.2 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 45.5 mpg imp, 37.9 mpg USA, 16.1 km / litre). Combined fuel autonomy is 983 km (611 miles).

- CO2 emissions: 153 g/km (EU5).

*** X1 sDrive20d: Four-cylinder diesel engine with all-aluminium crankcase, turbocharger with variable intake geometry and common-rail direct fuel injection.

Capacity: 1,995 cc, max output: 130 kW/177 hp (174 bhp) at 4,000 rpm. Max torque: 350 Nm/258 lb-ft from 1,750 to 3,000 rpm.

Transmission: six-speed manual. Acceleration 0-100 km/h: 8.1 sec. Top speed: 205 km/h (127 mph). (218 km/h or 135 mph with optional high-speed set-up).

- Urban consumption: 6.4 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 44.1 mpg imp, 36.7 mpg USA, 15.6 km / litre). Urban fuel autonomy is 953 km (592 miles) with the full 61-litre fuel tank.

- Extra urban consumption to the EU standard: 4.7 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 60.0 mpg imp, 50.0 mpg USA, 21.2 km / litre). Extra urban fuel autonomy is 1297 km (806 miles).

- Combined consumption to the EU standard: 5.3 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 53.2 mpg imp, 44.3 mpg USA, 18.8 km / litre). Combined fuel autonomy is 1150 km (715 miles).

- CO2 emissions: 139 g/km (EU5).

*** X1 xDrive18d: Four-cylinder diesel engine with all-aluminium crankcase, turbocharger with variable intake geometry and common-rail direct fuel injection.

Capacity: 1,995 cc, max output: 105 kW/143 hp (141 bhp) at 4,000 rpm. Max torque: 320 Nm/236 lb-ft from 1,750 to 3,000 rpm.

Transmission: six-speed manual. Acceleration 0-100 km/h: 10.1 sec. Top speed: 195 km/h (121 mph).

- Urban consumption: 6.7 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 42.1 mpg imp, 35.1 mpg USA, 14.9 km / litre). Urban fuel autonomy is 910 km (565 miles) with the full 61-litre fuel tank. – Extra urban fuel consumption to the EU standard: 5.1 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 55.3 mpg imp, 46.1 mpg USA, 19.6 km / litre). Extra urban fuel autonomy is 1196 km (743 miles).

- Combined consumption: 5.7 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 49.5 mpg imp, 41.2 mpg USA, 17.5 km / litre). Combined fuel autonomy is 1070 km (664 miles).

- CO2 emissions: 150 g/km (EU5).

*** X1 sDrive18d: Four-cylinder diesel engine with all-aluminium crankcase, turbocharger with variable intake geometry and common-rail direct fuel injection.

Capacity: 1,995 cc, max output: 105 kW/143 hp (141 bhp) at 4,000 rpm. Max torque: 320 Nm/236 lb-ft from 1,750 to 3,000 rpm.

Transmission: six-speed manual. Acceleration 0-100 km/h: 9.6 sec. Top speed: 200 km/h (124 mph).

- Urban consumption: 6.1 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 46.3 mpg imp, 38.5 mpg USA, 16.4 km / litre). Urban fuel autonomy is 1000 km (621 miles) with the full 61-litre fuel tank.

- Extra urban consumption: 4.7 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 60.1 mpg imp, 50.0 mpg USA, 21.2 km / litre). Extra urban fuel autonomy is 1297 km (806 miles).

- Combined consumption: 5.2 ltr/100 kilometres (equal to 54.3 mpg imp, 45.2 mpg USA, 19.2 km / litre) with a fuel autonomy of 1173 km (728 miles).

- CO2 emissions: 136 g/km (EU5).



Mack

Marc Formeister asked:


Few would debate that the Ford Taurus of past generations was about as unexciting and commonplace as a loaf of bread. But the new Taurus SHO (Super High Output) is attempting to shatter that dull image with the vibrancy of a very potent 365 horsepower engine. But this Ford offers more than just power. One of its main selling points is that this new Taurus has the power of a V8 and the fuel efficiency of a V6, in this case a 3.5 liter “ecoboost” V6. How did Ford manage to strike such an ideal compromise between horsepower and efficiency, and between excitement and utility? It certainly wasn’t due to new, innovative engineering, nor cutting-edge technology. They simply did what most car companies (including themselves!) did back in the late 1970s and early 1980s in response to the energy crisis: they added a turbocharger (two in the case of the new SHO) to an existing engine in their lineup.

Turbochargers allowed car companies to use eco-friendly, efficient, and small four-cylinder engines without completely sacrificing power. But as the energy crisis and obsession with efficiency and gas mileage waned in the early 1990s, naturally aspirated V6s and V8s (without turbos) made their triumphant return. Only a few manufacturers, such as Audi/VW, Volvo, and perhaps most ubiquitously, Saab, continued employing the proven formula of small turbocharged engines. And anyone familiar with Saabs knows of their legendary fuel efficiency—and it’s no coincidence that their cars used small turbocharged inline-fours almost exclusively.

Without a doubt, today the turbocharger has whooshed its way back into engine bays, and this time it seems that it will be here to stay. These new turbo engines are much more performance-oriented than their predecessors, and have found their way into sporty cars instead of pedestrian ones. Budget imports like Subaru’s WRX and Mitsubishi’s Lancer Evo, and domestics like the Dodge Neon SRT-4, all use turbos. The immense popularity and affordability of these cars, their reputation for thrilling performance, and movies like The Fast and the Furious, which abounds with turbocharged cars chirping their blow-off valves, have created a generation of car tuners lusting for that oversized snail lurking beneath the hood.

Above all, turbocharging in its various guises has become such a popular modification because it is by far the best bang-for-your-buck, assuming you know what you’re doing, of course. A large intercooler conspicuously showcased behind the front bumper, the “pshh” sound of a blow off valve between gear shifts, and the intoxicating, jet-like sound of a spooling turbo are all bonuses that tastefully alert any tuner to the fact that your car is packing a lot more than your average import.

Obviously, a turbo kit is a desirable upgrade for anyone looking to substantially augment their car’s power. But what exactly is a turbocharger, and what’s so special about it? At its most basic level, a turbocharger is simply an air pump/compressor driven by hot exhaust gases. On non-turbocharged engines, the exhaust gases from the engine run uninterrupted through an exhaust manifold(s) and through the rest of the exhaust system and out the tail pipe.

A turbocharged engine is a bit more complicated. On such an engine, instead of flowing straight through to the muffler, exhaust gases first travel through an exhaust manifold (turbo manifold), which collects and directs all of the exhaust gas into a large opening of the turbo that leads to the exhaust turbine (see picture below). From here, some of the gases flow out of the back side of the turbo, through a down pipe, and out the muffler like in a naturally aspirated engine. But the majority of the hot gases flow into the exhaust turbine, and in doing so the moving air spins the exhaust wheel (a small metal fan with many blades) inside of the exhaust turbine. This moving air causes the wheel to rotate very quickly—sometimes as high as 120,000 RPMs. The exhaust wheel sits on a shaft that rotates with it; on the other end of the shaft there is another wheel, known as the compressor wheel. This wheel spins at exactly the same rate as the one in the exhaust turbine, but it does nothing with the exhaust gases. Instead, ambient air is drawn through the turbocharger’s inlet pipe, where the rapidly moving compressor wheel literally compresses the air above atmospheric pressure, and then sends it out of the compressor’s outlet, where it then flows to the inlet of an intercooler en route to the engine’s throttle body and intake manifold.





The amount that this air is compressed varies widely depending on things like the stoutness of the engine’s internal parts and the fuel and engine management systems. This amount is measured in pounds per square inches, and is commonly known as “boost.” So low boost is around 5-10 psi (above atmospheric pressure), medium boost is around 10-15 psi, and high boost is 15-20+ psi. While this is a huge over-simplification, the more boost a certain engine produces, the more power is generated. In general, an increase of about 10 horsepower accompanies every 1 psi increase in boost. Right off the bat, it’s obvious that a lot of power can be made from boost—at only 5 psi the engine would still be producing roughly 50 more horsepower than if it did not have a turbocharger. Compare this power increase with what could be had by a set of expensive, difficult-to-install camshafts on a non-turbo engine, which might afford the engine 10-15 horsepower more, and it is obvious that turbocharging is the way to go for serious power increases.

Be sure to come back soon to the Raleigh Tuner Car page for the step-by-step process of turbocharging the engine of a Nissan 240sx, and in doing so increasing power from 155 to 400+!

Questions? mformeister@cox.net



Emil

Anthony Fontanelle asked:


Last month, at the North American International Auto Show, Japanese automaker Subaru unveiled the latest version of the Forester. On February 26, the company announced the pricing for the new Forester. Interestingly, after the improvements made to the Forester, it is priced more than a thousand dollars lower than the outgoing model.

The new Subaru Forester will soon be available at Subaru dealerships across the country starting this April. The automaker announced that the new Subaru Forester will have a starting price of $19,995.

The said crossover vehicle will be available with either a 2.5-liter naturally aspirated or a 2.5-liter turbocharged engine. The naturally aspirated powerplant is available with either a manual or automatic transmission. The turbocharged engine on the other hand is only available with an automatic transmission.

There are overall five variants of the new Subaru Forester. For the Forester with a naturally aspirated engine, there are three trim levels while for the turbocharged engine, there are two available trim packages.

For the Forester with the naturally aspirated engine, the three variants are X, 2.5X Premium Package and the 2.5X L.L. Bean. The third variant comes only with an automatic transmission while the first two can either be coupled with either a manual or an automatic transmission.

The turbocharged Forester meanwhile can be bought in either the standard X trim or the 2.5XT Limited Model. This Limited Model will have a starting price of $26,195 and it will come equipped with a 2.5-liter turbocharged engine which produces 224 horsepower. The package will also include 17-inch alloy wheels.

The naturally aspirated 2.5X trim will have a starting price of $22,495. For that, the Forester will be equipped with a power moonroof, roof rails, rear seat center tray, steering wheel audio controls, and reclining rear seat backs. On the outside, the package will also include 17-inch alloy wheels. The naturally aspirated engine will be mated to a manual transmission.

Tim Colbeck, vice president of sales, Subaru of America, Inc. proudly ticked off the selling point of the new Subaru Forester saying: “For 11 years, the Subaru Forester has been an icon of functionality, dependability and durability. The 2009 Forester now adds greater interior room, improved comfort and more amenities than before, yet with a starting price that is significantly lower than the outgoing model.”

Also, the fact that Subaru vehicles have been known to be equipped with auto parts as reliable as Acura CL auto body parts would attract buyers into Subaru dealerships.



T Harper

Jo Alexander asked:


The first Lotus Esprit burst into life in 1976, and with its stunning wedge shaped looks it really stood out from the humdrum Rovers and Fords that were on the road at the time. Colin Chapman was so proud of his new sports car that he arranged to have it parked outside Pinewood studios in the hope that it would be used in the latest James Bond film. The plan worked, and Roger Moore drove a white Lotus Esprit, that could convert into a submarine, in the Spy Who Loved Me.

The early Esprit cars came with a four cylinder 160 bhp engine, however through turbo charging and various other engine modifications the final four cylinder sport models were able to produce 300bhp. However, what the Lotus Esprit really needed was a super car engine to match its looks and that finally arrived in the shape of a V8 engine back in 1996.

The V8 Lotus Esprits are highly regarded and are normally well looked after by enthusiastic owners, who have normally ensured that no expense has been spared on servicing. Buying a good used V8 Esprit should cost no more than a brand new saloon, however whilst the exterior has been constantly modernised once you climb in you are soon reminded of the cars original 1970′s roots.

The interior is hardly the last word in driver ergonomics, even getting in and out can prove to be a chore, and once inside any driver over six foot is going to feel cramped. The transmission tunnel sits very close to the driver and anyone with larger than average feet may want to make sure that they can feel the pedals correctly, as space in the footwell is extremely tight.

Once you have settled into the Esprit you will soon find yourself surrounded by switches, buttons and stalks from old Vauxhalls, Peugeot and Citroens. Whilst there is little you can do to modernise the interior, you can replace the standard halogen headlight bulbs with the latest modern xenon bulbs, so you can see the road more clearly when pushing on late at night.

There is however no doubting the performance and handling, and once you have fired up the V8, heard the twin Garret turbos spooling up behind and despatched 0-60 in just over 4 seconds, you are bound to be instantly smitten. When it comes to the cornering the V8 has precise and direct steering, which is full of feedback, whilst the grip and body control just seem to urge you to driver harder.

Unfortunately despite its fabulous looks the Lotus Esprit has always been dogged by reliability worries, leading to the infamous statement that Lotus stood for Lots of Trouble Usually Serious. Never forget that although the Lotus Esprit now costs hot hatch money, it still is a super car and will sometimes demand super sized bills to match.

There is no doubting the beguiling looks and performance of the Lotus Esprit, however before you make the purchase, make sure you buy one with full service history that has been well cared for, and put aside a decent sized annual budget for repairs and servicing. Once that is done you can become the newest member of the supercar set.



Sue Watts